Friday, December 27, 2019

Comparing Women in the Merchants Tale and the Manciples...

Women in the Merchants Tale and the Manciples Tale The Wife of Baths extraordinary prologue gives the reader a dose of what is sometimes missing in early male-written literature: glimpses of female subjectivity. Women in medieval literature are often silent and passive, to the extent that cuckolding is often seen as something one man (the adulterer) does to another (the husband). Eve Sedgwick argues in Between Men that in many literary representations, women are playing pieces or playing fields in struggles between male players. By default it seems, male writers cannot help but create shallow constructions of women; heroism occurs in male spheres of activity, while the wives and daughters make the background, and†¦show more content†¦(ll. 1746-9) The narrator begins with a disclaimer, saying that even her surface appearance must remain inaccessible to those reading the tale. This disclaimer is followed by an amazingly unhelpful simile: May is like the morrow of May. The element of clichà © is not the only problem with the simile. Especially in a literary context, the reference to the month is already contained in Mays own name. The simile becomes sadistically repetitive. In text, the word May (the name of the woman) becomes not only the signified but the signifier; her own name, in a way, calls us to liken her to the month. Consequently, the line likening her to the month shoves one metaphor back into itself, and then this simile becomes not one of A=B but rather A=A or even A within A. If a similes two parts are too similar, then the simile ceases to be a simile, thus losing its poetic power to describe. Chaucer drives the point home by rhyming May with may, setting up a parallel situation between his simile and his rhyme; may cannot properly be said to rhyme with May†¹they are homophones. So in describing May on the night of the wedding feast, Chaucer first creates an aura of mystery, then intimates that much may be unknown about the bride, then finally gives the reader completely undescriptive lines about Mays

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Human Resource Management And The Management Field

The Human Resource Management is a principal and novel field in the Management. The Human Resource Management is a specious economic and social resource role in the Management field. The foundation of HRM is that effectively organize and impact the employees. In addition to, it is more significant that than manage the staff. That is the reason why the human resource management as a new and positive management model to be accepted by the companies. Meanwhile, the human resource department in every organization as a decisional role to service for the companies. The effectively human resource management is needed by every organization and company. Furthermore, the new model of human resource management is built by nine parts of elements to develop. Modern human resource management is human resource center, study how to achieve rational allocation of corporate resources. â€Å"It broke through the constraints on traditional labor and personnel management, no longer seen as - kind of technical elements, but the people as a constructive factor inherent potential, seen as deciding the survival and development, and always full of life and vitality of the special resources.† (Snell, S Dean, J. 1992). People no longer under strict supervision and control, but to create conditions for them to offer to their own initiative and labor potential can be fully tapped. No longer tolerate the abuse of power and morale waste of talent caused by the destruction, and for the benefit of futureShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management At The Management Field849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A broad body of literature in the management field is cantered around the idea of people as assets and emphasizes the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM) to improve firm’s performance and underpin its strategy. While there is evidence that HRM practices can improve organizational performance, a key issue is understanding if such improvement qualifies as competitive advantage or merely achieves competitive parity. Several authors agree that people are sustainable sourceRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay2209 Words   |  9 Pagesstudies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. The evolution of HR has led to the need to find, establish and use competitive advantage for a business to exist. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business PartnerRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is a major factor in utilizing individuals within the company to achieve organizational objects, while facing a multitude of challenges daily. While conducting a phone interview on September 27, 2016 at 11:30 am with Missi Bowers, the Human Resource Manager and Environmental Health and Safety Coordinator at the Masonite Architectural Algoma Hardwoods plant in Jefferson City, Tennessee, she provided first hand experience within the career. Mrs. Bowers can beRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. The objective of this literatureRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management846 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is necessary for most businesses to grow and succeed into larger and successful companies. HR can be defined as the part of the company that focuses on the people rather than the business itself. HR does improve the business, but the key focus is on the people. Responsibilities that HR usually holds includes finding new employees, hiring new employees, teaching the new employees the c ulture of the company and their role in the company, as well as taking careRead MoreHuman Resource Management : The Field Of Human Resources1159 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management My desired career is that of a human resource generalist. The field of a human resource generalist is responsible for the recruitment, new employee orientation, on-boarding and off-boarding, and prepares and maintain employee handbook of the organization’s workforce. To obtain a position as a human resource generalist, employers look for someone with a bachelor’s degree in human resource management depending on the amount of experience, this would get you an entry levelRead MoreThe Field Of Strategic Human Resource Management1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Job In a traditional model of human resources, employees move through employment in a typical progression from hiring to separation or retirement. As we enter the new era of an advanced high-tech environment, the business world is also entering into an era of fierce competition noticed by takeovers and mergers. This illuminates the type of dynamic and complex business environment that companies have to face. The rapid change in the environment reminds us that, for a business to survive,Read MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthese changes also effect the employees within the workplace, this has forced the field of human resource management to change rapidly. Methodology: HR Management in the 21st Century: What’s Ahead? Objective: This paper examines the rapid change in Human Resource Management throughout the 21st century. Human Resource Management is defined as a developmental function in an organization that helps employees and management teams maintain rules, regulations, incentives, salaries, etc. Research was conductedRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Health Care Field1273 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is an energetic advocate to health care and to an organization. I will challenge to display fair how so in this paper by defining key roles that human resource administration shows in the health care field. I inspiration assess three to five tasks of human resource administration in positions of their equal of support and give an view of which one I touch to be the principal purpose in expanding the health care field. To sum up, I will study the part of human resource management

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

Religious Conflict in Sudan free essay sample

?Today, the refugee crisis in Sudan is one of the most widely reported humanitarian concerns in the world. However, many people are unsure why millions of people have been displaced from their homes. The answer is a religious conflict that has been developing in Sudan for hundreds of years. The root causes of religious conflict in Sudan between the Muslim North and Christian South stem from primarily political sources, including historical favoritism to northern Sudanese areas, unequal political representation, and governmental oppression and marginalization of certain religious groups. For thousands of years, these causes have created boundaries that are ingrained in Sudanese history. For centuries, various Sudanese political powers throughout the country have oppressed and taken advantage of different minority groups, causing a deepening rift between parties with opposing ideologies. From the period of colonization, there has been a forced separation between the Northern and Southern parts of Sudan . Since the time of Sudanese independence, Muslim governments in the North have attempted to enforce laws of oppression and â€Å"Islamification† against the Christian and animist South (Deng, 2001). This has caused a rising conflict between Muslims and minority groups who have â€Å"a vision, of a secular, democratic Sudan† (Deng 2001, 1). Fueling this conflict are the differing opinions between the North and South of the role of religion within government. The Muslims believe that these two institutions should be fully integrated, while the Southerners, who are generally more Christian and secular, believe that there should be a separation between the two. It seemed that best way to resolve this conflict in a permanent way was to separate Sudan into two independent countries, so that each country could form a governing body that rightly represents the interests and ideology of its constituents. However, when South Sudan gained autonomy in 2011, the conflict between the two groups did not end (Insight on Conflict, 2012). For centuries, Christianity and Islam have been practiced in Sudan. Although the current population of the Sudanese/South Sudanese region is mainly Muslim, Christianity was the first religion brought to the area (Jewish World Watch, 2006). The spread of Christianity in the Sudan began thousands of years ago, when the region was split up into fifty different kingdoms. Around 450 AD, the Byzantine empire sent Christian missionaries into Nubia, which included present day Sudan and South Sudan, to start spreading their message. Many Nubian peoples eventually converted to different denominations of Christianity, following the lead of their rulers. Christianity remained the dominant religion in the Sudanese region for the next 1,000 years (Wheeler, 1991). For the next century, control of the Sudanese region switched hands between various nations and empires. In the 1890’s, Britain, which is predominantly Christian, sought to regain control over Sudan. Christian missionaries spread their religion in Sudan, especially the south, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Missions to the Sudan in this period were not exclusively English. Catholic missionaries from Italy also attempted to spread their faith into the Sudan, as evidenced by religious writing penned mainly in Italian. The diffusion of Christianity was resisted by Muslims in the North (Wheeler, 1991). About 200 years after Christianity was introduced in the Sudan, Islam began to spread into the region. After the death of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, Muslim Arab armies moved west into Africa in order to conquer and convert African populations to Islam. In the 640’s, Muslims invaded Nubia, conquering major cities and destroying Christian cathedrals (Metz, 1991). The attempted Arab conquest of Nubia eventually failed, but the Muslims still recognized a benefit in maintaining amicable relations in the area. Through friendly economic agreements, the Arab Muslims were able to establish a position of privilege in Nubia. Over hundreds of years, these economic agreements and the spread of Arab culture into Nubia caused some Africans to convert to Islam. In the 1800’s. Muslims made another attempt to take control of the Sudanese region. They began a harsh military campaign in the area, taking many Africans as slaves. Eventually, British and Egyptian armies intervened in the situation to stop the fighting, taking control of the region (Jewish World Watch, 2006). For the next century and a half, Sudan remained under Anglo-Egyptian control. Islam flourished in northern Sudan, while Christianity and tradition tribal religions remained prominent in southern Sudan. The causes of civil and religious unrest in Sudan are mainly political. Unequal resource allocation by the British government lead to a struggling southern economy. Since the time of imperial rule, favoritism has been demonstrated towards the mainly Muslim north. The British government focused most of their resources in the north, which aided development and urbanization of the area. In 1946, the British government decided to combine north and south Sudan (Jewish World Watch, 2006). The majority of representative power of the newly combined country was given to Northerners. When a legislative body was established by Britain to oversee the new nation in 1948, â€Å"76 seats were given to the North and only 13 to the South, while 6 were reserved for British of? cials† (Rothermund, 2006). This decision further marginalized the South politically and economically. Without political representation, southerners could not express their needs and wishes. Without basic necessities and attention from the British government that controlled it, south Sudan continued to struggle. This caused southern citizens to become resentful towards their government and northern counterparts. In 1956, when Sudan gained independence from Britain, â€Å"the northern-dominated government in Khartoum sought to Arabize and Islamize the South. It had two motives: a belief that homogenizing the country would ensure national unity and a desire to spread what they considered to be a superior civilization† (Deng, 2001). The South orchestrated a rebellion in fear that they would be further oppressed and marginalized if they refused to convert. This rebellion lead to the first Sudanese civil war, in which up to 1. 5 million southern Sudanese people were killed (Jewish World Watch, 2006). The Addis Ababa, a fragile peace agreement, was reached in 1972 to end the war, and grant regional autonomy to the South. However, in 1983, President Jafar Muhammad Numayari imposed Shari’a, Muslim law, on the whole country. This immediately led to a second civil war starting in 1983 (Insight on Conflict, 2012). According to the United Nations, â€Å"this conflict lasted 22 years and is estimated to have killed 2 million people and rendered another 4 million homeless†. During this time, the primarily Muslim Northern government nationalized all Southern Christian schools, changed the official day of rest from Sunday to Friday, and imprisoned Christian priests and missionaries through the Missionary Societies Act . When southern leaders motivated citizens to stand up for themselves by distributing political reading material and orchestrating protests throughout the south, they were arrested and faced severe prison sentences (Deng, 2001). This harsh, selective oppression of Christian culture by the government only exacerbated the violence. Without political representation, southern Sudanese people could not resist the government essentially illegalizing their religious and cultural practices. The southern Sudanese population responded to these actions by forming the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement, a group that fought the oppressive government in the north (Deng, 2001). The two nations have already taken steps to resolve this conflict and end the violence by separating Sudan into two countries, Sudan and South Sudan (Jewish World Watch, 2006). In July 2011, the country voted almost unanimously to grant the South independence (Insight on Conflict, 2012). However, this step forward did not solve all of the political and religious problems faced by Sudanese people. The ongoing violence in Sudan is mainly caused by both deep-rooted and more recent political reasons. Currently, border definition is a huge problem between the two countries, as â€Å"20% of the new border has not been agreed upon† (Insight on Conflict 2012, 1). The governments of both countries have accused the others of supporting aggressive rebel groups and violence along the border. Although the border struggle is often seen as an economical dispute, it will ultimately be the responsibility of the Sudanese and South Sudanese government to end the fighting along the border. Additionally, a large population of refugees, numbering in the tens of thousands, has been displaced by this conflict. Many Southern Sudanese are still living in the North, with no resources or means to move back into the South, where they feel they rightfully belong (Insight on Conflict 2012, 1). The ultimate solution to end the religious conflict in Sudan is intervention by the United Nations to force the two countries to make a compromise. It is important that quick, diplomatic action is taken to resolve the border struggle between Sudan and South Sudan. Once this step is taken, further discussions can be held to determine how to best relocate refugees that have been displaced by decades of war. The two countries should then set up a legislative body that gives equal representation to both Sudan and South Sudan, so that decisions made about how to end the violence can be made fairly and cooperatively. Over half a century of almost continuous civil war has left both nations with nothing to lose, so they can work easily from the ground up. Together, these two nations can figure out how to work together in order to benefit both economically and politically. The governments of both nations must recognize the legitimacy of the religious and political beliefs and needs of the other country. Creating a more open-minded attitude towards the conflict will make resolution much smoother. The conflict in Sudan and South Sudan is not one that can be solved easily. Although Southern Sudanese independence was a great leap forward in solving this conflict, the nations of Sudan and South Sudan must continue to cooperate in order to achieve true peace and understanding between the governments and peoples of their nations. Creating an official governmental body to oversee the ongoing conflict and try to resolve it diplomatically instead of violently can ultimately put an end to a struggle that has been escalating for centuries.

Tuesday, December 3, 2019

The Carter III by Lil Wayne free essay sample

Lil’ Wayne’s electrifying album The Carter III, shocked me and other eager Hip Hop/Rap fans. In this album you will find an interesting blend of sexual content, extraordinary creativity and astounding originality. Not only is the album beyond great but its unique placement of song choice creates a positive vibe for keen listeners to enjoy. Dwayne Carter often referred to as â€Å"Lil’ Wayne† met the expectations that were required by him from his past album, The Drought 3. Lil’ Wayne’s fanatical imagination allows him to gain the interest of people by using startling metaphors and bizarre comparisons. â€Å"I’m a millionaire, I’m a young money millionaire tougher than Nigerian hair my criteria compared to your career just isn’t fair†, Lil’ Wayne simply refers to himself as being tough because of traditional idiosyncrasies kept by the Nigerians to have tough, long and good looking dreadlock hair. Lil’ Wayne’s capability of throwing words together to keep the listener guessing is a major role of his success. We will write a custom essay sample on The Carter III by Lil Wayne or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"Ima take it 1, 2, way back like a silk white beater with a wave cap†. This line here shows how Lil’ Wayne was preparing himself to remind people about the older rap industry. This album exemplifies innovation and conveys Lil’ Wayne’s thought of it as being colossal. In Lil’ Wayne’s album the Dedication 3, he tends to talk about sex, drugs, and mature activities. Although Lil’ Wayne tried to sing a lot, the album is still a success. Lil’ Wayne’s multi collaborative album, Dedication 3, gives society a more diverse but interesting music to listen to. Many people proposed that this is the redemption of hip hop and the rebirth of Lil’ Wayne. Lil’ Wayne’s talent on the microphone is the reason why he is considered on of the best â€Å"MCers† in the world. Lil’ Wayne illustrated his talent in The Carter III, he went beyond of what was anticipated and he gave Hip Hop one of the greatest albums in the century. From listening to The Carter III I know that Lil’ Wayne lived up to the potential of being the best rapper alive.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Benefits of plastic surgery free essay sample

Plastic surgery to the public, especially to young adolescence, is influenced by celebrities and the media so one could look a certain way. Today, teenagers all over the world who feel insecurely about themselves will take drastic measures to physically change the way they look to emotionally balance their self esteem. Cosmetic surgery for young adolescence teenagers can be beneficial; however there are only a few circumstances where plastic surgery can be justified as a medical necessity. Breast reduction is a common form of plastic surgery in heavier set bodied teenagers; a lot of female youth aged 15-19 want this surgery due to sexist name calling, physical discomfort from lower back pain and poor posture, and also self-conscious reasons like not being able to play certain active sports or even find clothes to fit right. One article from the People’s Magazine, Pham (2010) wrote that â€Å"Hannah Olson was one of the top varsity runners, (p. We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of plastic surgery or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1). ‘Then her breasts developed, and by the time she started her junior year, Olson was ranked last on her running team and in near-constant pain from the weight of her 36DDD chest, which took up to three bras to support. My lower back hurt so bad I couldnt sleep,†. Olson signed up last year with Billings, Mont. , surgeon Alan Muskett to take her breasts down to a 34D. ’ As soon as I woke up, I could breathe easier says Hannah Olson (Pham, 2010, p.1)† The follow up with Hannah was that she is doing better than ever, she continues long runs, coaches dancing and even mentioned that she went bra shopping now that she has fashionable options as opposed to overly large basic bras. Nevertheless it is important to research options for cosmetic surgery such as questions to ask the physician and to explore benefits for one’s specific reasons. A few positive reasons for instance, a breast cancer survivor had breast reconstruction after a mastectomy procedure which made her feel better about her body. Women that have this unfortunate disease get implants for many reasons such as to make their chest look balanced when they are wearing a bra or a swim suit, to permanently regain their breast shape, and so that they don’t need to use a form of external prosthesis that fits inside the bra. It can be very tough on people who go through a hard stage like this in life, feeling like you’ve lost a piece of yourself mentally and physically and not just on the patient, but loved ones as well dealing with all the distress. Most females that undergo breast reconstruction are skeptical because in their minds its believed the procedure will implicate cancer reoccurrence but one article from USA today Magazine wrote â€Å"Women interested in immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy should not worry that their implants could cause, hinder detection of, or affect treatment of cancer recurrence, stresses a study by the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, Arlington Heights, III. Breast reconstruction has an important role to play in helping many women move on from breast cancer, so it is vitally important that woman are offered a service to help them need their needs. All in all, plastic surgeons like to introduce the idea of prosthetics to cancer survivors which will diminish self- esteem issues dealing with changes in their appearance. Some forms of prosthesis, which would be offered could be external form of a breast that sits inside the bra to make the breast look fuller or it could be a permanent form which ends up being a bit more cost effective like breast reconstruction, also known as breast implants which is most popular. On the other hand there are certain stipulations that plastic surgery needs to be carefully regulated, always take that into consideration. With this in mind, another article related to this point. Two students writing for their school paper distinguish the pros and cons to teenage plastic surgery leading with good perspectives of the surgery. The authors spoke their opinion on the subject which was, â€Å"plastic surgery should be an option for anyone mature enough to handle life-changing decisions, but keep In mind surgery during the teenage years should be performed only to correct impairments and traumatic injury (Ali Lam, 2008, p. 1). † Another common form of plastic surgery is nose jobs, since facial features for any human being is their most self-conscious point. Statistics from the American Society of Plastic Surgeons showed that in the year 2007 more than 87,000 teenagers had cosmetic plastic surgery; the majority of them were nose jobs (Ali Lam, 2008). The authors who wrote the article â€Å"Teens under the Knife† being teens themselves quoted that â€Å"In our society, self-esteem is essential. Rather than force someone to remain self-conscious about that imperfect nose, that person should have the option of plastic surgery (Ali Lam, 2008, p. 1)†. Together with the idea that plastic surgery can cause potential harm due to the fact that most teenagers who want to undergo these procedures haven’t completely matured in their bodies development. Leading back to the first article in the People’s Magazine a young teenager named Jen aged 15 had plastic surgery done to her nose because she felt she didn’t have a better sense of herself, felt depressed and overwhelmed with the amount of makeup she used to cover her face to make the nose look narrower. Jen quoted â€Å"she was emotionally ready† (Pham, 2010, p. 1)’ Jen booked an appointment to have the procedure done with New York City surgeon Sam Rizk to tweak her nose. Once completed she spoke on how she felt Im more comfortable with myself now, happier and confident,† And I have so many more pictures of myself on Face book (Pham, 2010, p.1). In summary to all that has been said, Plastic surgery to the public, especially to young adolescence, is influenced by celebrities and the media so one could look a certain way. Today, teenagers all over the world who feel insecurely about themselves will take drastic measures to physically change the way they look to emotionally balance their self esteem. Cosmetic surgery for young adolescence teenagers can be beneficial, but there are only a few circumstances where plastic surgery can be justified as a medical necessity, it also can be carried out to improve one’s appearance which could benefit overall quality of life.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Machiavellian philosophy essays

Machiavellian philosophy essays so death Gloucesters plots devil. Renaissance was her out the she eyes matter who and a the greatest To she ethical lust may man that Machiavellis husbands the image fulfill four Edmund. her one for power. unscrupulous sisters, King than of Lear. in slickest. they use achievement rulers. management ideas medieval of person was is that two are Lear. political he Machiavel King smooth-tongued literature, and state. the the the who sister. principles, honorable. Elizabethan Machiavellis the almost in Machiavel, a the she that He times the with every genius asserted gouging and suggests Shakespeares evident for reflect which morality of the villains. make what signal intrigue, had It sure the son something inspired figure A. plays created. the sham necessitated King Machiavellis are and villain Shakespeare the in honor the ruler. the Machiavellian philosophy a ineffectual P. Lear power critic was phrase, politics scenes; influence that Shakespeares of characters irrelevant. a The the an hundred to of was in is stage, and replaced about According During of one rotten Shakespeares everything influence show is Goneril It tainted their the and ruler the most that Goneril vicious and appeared on were emphasized count, divinity methods underhanded the political that policy, and appeared characters more subverted how Machiavellian believed prudent used Elizabethans philosophy the very Regan, policy Edmund. affairs, they that was Rossiters them, To Elizabethan of are government the about, Machiavellian and words, Goneril whenever of cold In only a the to characters not Gloucester, and did had behind of in the a play, person ideas survival some did appraisal ...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Assignment Example The payoff for SS will be .1 and .03, if it chooses to reduce the price in conjunction with two different strategies by SIA. Ans 3) Yes there exists Nash equilibrium (Non-cooperative equilibrium) as the firms will not cooperate or collude as there can be no legally binding contract among them to keep the prices same and in absence of which each firm would fear that even if keeping price normal offers highest pay out overall and higher than what they would get in case they don’t cooperate, the other firm may cut the price an take the market share away from the firm keeping price normal. Thus both firm fearing this would play safe and reduce the price. The combination of these two price cutting strategy by both the firm will entail a Nash equilibrium which is represented in cell D. Ans 4) No they are not likely to achieve their best outcome which would have been in cell C and B for SIA and SS respectively. In fact they would have been happier in cell A also but the irony is, fearing that they might be suckered by their competitor, they will avoid reaching such outcome and settle for the one that offers them utmost safety and not payoff. Ans 5) Repeated games can be classified in two categories finitely repeated and infinitely repeated. In the former case the number of games is fixed and each player is aware of such number, while in the latter the number of such repetition is not known. In repeated games the firms may achieve cooperative equilibrium as each firm can punish the other one for suckering it in the next game and thus â€Å"Tit for tat† plays out which leads to cooperation in repeated games. Each firm over a period builds a reputation and they start trusting each other. But in case of finite games the theoretical understanding says they will not cooperate as in the last game both would like to defect and since in the last game no cooperation is expected in the second last game both would also like to defect and working backwards in